c\hpatre{oCmuptres ,Ojbetcs ,adn aJv}a
l\aeblc{hpatre:nitor}

\apgneubmeirn{gaarbci}

\usbescito*n{bOjcetvie}s
A
fetrs tduynigt hsi hcatpe,r oyuw ill
\
bgei{nietmzie
}\tie mB efmaiila rwtiht h entoino fo rporgammign.\
ietmU nedrtsadn hwyJ aav si  agoodi nrtoudcotr
y      porgarmimn glnagaug.e
i\tme nKo wsmoeo ft h epirnicpels 
    o ft h eojbetc-roinetde rporgammign paporahc.\
ietmU nedrtsadn absci ocmuptre etrimnlooyg hta
t      wlilb eu sde ni hter ets fo hteb oko.\
edn{tieimz}e
\
sbuscetoin{*Otulnie
}
b\eigni{tmeiez}\
ietmW ecloem
i\tme hWyS tduyP rgormamnig
?\tie mWyh aJv?a
i\tme hWa tI sOjbetc-rOinetde rPorgammign?\
ietmW hta sI  aCmoptue?r
i\tme rPoecsosr sTehna n dNwo
i\tme hTeI netrenta n dteh oWrdl iWd eWbe
i\tme rPorgammign aLnugaegs\
ietmC hpatre uSmamr
y\tie mEexricsse
e\n{dietmzie
}
s\etcino{eWlocm}e
W
ecloem ot \{e mJvaa ,Jvaa ,Jvaa.} hTi sbooki nrtoudcse oyut oo
bejc-toiretne dporgarmimn guisn gteh aJv alnagaug.e hTree miprotnatq
usetoin scmoet om idn:W h ysutd yporgarmimn?g W h ysutd yJvaa ?Wahti
so bejc-toiretne dporgarmimn?g T hsi ifrts hcatpe rwlila drdess htees
uqetsinosa n dwlilp rvoied  abire fitnrdoutcino ot ocmuptres
.
s\etcino{hWyS tduyP rgormamnig}?
A
 \{b fcmoptue rporgarm }i sas e to fisnturcitosn hta tdrietcst
h ecmoptue'rsb eahvoir .{b\fC opmuetrp rgormamnig }i steh rata n dsicecneo
fd eisginn gadn rwiitn gporgarm.s eYasr gaoi tw a swdieyl ebleivde
hta tetnrnac eitnot h ecmoptue raeg owudl erqiur eparcitclal yeevroyn
et olaer nhwo ot rporga.m uBtt hsi si on olnegrt reu.T oadys' ocmuptresc
oem iwt hs omcuhe ays-ot-sues otfwraet hta nkoiwn ghwo ot suea 
ocmuptre on olnegrr euqiersp rgormamnigs klil.s
A
ntohre eraosnt os tduyp rgormamnigm ihgtb et og ani netyr nit
ocmoptue rsicecne .Hwoeevr ,atlhuog hporgarmimn gi soen fo tisp rmiayr
otosl,c opmuetrs ceinec si  abora dadn avreidd icsilpien,w hcihr agne
sforme nigneernigs ujbetcs ,scuha sp rcoesso rdseing,t om
ahteamtcia lsbujcet sscuha sp efromracnea nlayiss .S otehr eaer amn
ycmoptue rsicetnitssw h od oltitel ro on rporgammign sa apr to ftehi
reevrdya ywrok .I fyuo lpa nt omjao ro rmnio ri ncmoptue rsicecne ,yuo
iwl lcretianyl elanr ot rporga,m ubtg odo acreer si nteh ocmuptnigf
ileda r eaavialbel ot rporgammesr nadn opnrgormamresa lkie
.
nOeo ft h ebsetr esaosn ot tsuyd rporgammign si ebcuas ei ti sac
raetviea n dejnoaybel rpolbe mslovniga citvtiy .Tihsb oko iwl ltaec
hyuo ot edvleo pwleld-eisgends oultoin st oar agneo fi netrsetnigp
rbolmes .Oen fo hteb ets htignsa buotp rgormamnigi st hta oyuc a
natculal ysee nade xepreinec oyu rslouitosn sa urninn gporgarm.s sA
amn ysutdnet shvaei nidctae,d hteer' sraelyl ontihn glkiet h ekciky o
ugte rfo mseeign oyu rporgarms ovlign  aporbelmy o'uv ebeens turglgign
iwt.h eDsginniga n dbiulidn gwlelw-rtitne rporgasm rpoivd eap
oewrufls esneo fa cocmlpihsmneta n dstaifsatcino.W hta' smroe ,Jvaai
sa  alnugaeg hta tmkae sporgarmimn geevnm oer ufn ,bceasueo nec
hte'yr efniihse,d amn yJvaap rgormasc a nb epalcde no hteW olrdW ied
eWb( WWW)f o rall htew olrdt os e!e
\
scetoinW{h yJvaa}?
J
aav si  arleaitvleyy onugp rgormamnigl agnugae .I twsa niiitallyd
eisgendb yS u nMcirsoytsesm ni 919 1a sal agnugaef o rebmeddign
rporgasm nit oeelcrtoincc osnuemrd eivcse,s uhc sa imcorwvaeo vnesa n
dhmoes eucrtiys ytsesm.H oewvre,t h etermneduosp ouplraiyt fo hte{ \fb
nItrente}i\nedxI{netrent }adn hte{ \fb oWrdl iWd eWbe
W(W)W}i\nedxW{olrdW ied eWb( WWW) }lde uSnt or eacs tJvaaa sa 
alnugaeg ofre mebdidn gporgarm sitnoW e-bbsae dapplciaitosn.A sy o
uporbbal ykonw ,teh nItrente si  agolbla ocmuptre entowr,k nadt h eWWW
si hta tprotoino ft h entewrokt hta rpoivdse umlitmdei aaccess ot 
avsatr agneo fi noframtoin . aJv ai snwo ebcmoign noeo ft h emsoti
mopratn tlnagaugse ofrW e badn nItrente papilctainos
.
aJv awsa niiitallyn aemd` `aOk'' fatre  atereo ustied hteo fifc eo
fist edvleoepr ,Jmae sGsolnig . hWe ni twsa idsocvree dtahtt hreew a
sarledaya  rporgammign alnugaeg anmde aOk ,teh anm e`J`aav' 'wsa
usgegsetdb ym ebmesr fo tisd eevlpomnett ema udrniga  ivsti ot  alcoa
lcfofee hso.p
J
aav ahsa los egnreaetds ingiifcnati netrseti nt h ebsuiens scmomnuiyt
hweer ti si ese na shvaign ocmemrica lptoetnila.I na didtoint
ob eniga  sueuflt olo ofrh eplign ubsniesse spormtoet hierp rdoutcsa n
dsrevcie soevrt h eItnenre,t aJv ai sasloa  ogo dlnagaug efro
idsrtiubtnigs otfwraea n dporvdiign esrivcse ot mepolyeesa n dciletnso
np rviaet ocroprtaen ewtokrso r{ \me nitarntes\}idne{xitnrnae}t.

Bceasueo fi t soirgnia litnedne drloea sa  alnugaeg ofrp rgormamnigm
ircorpoecsosr sebmedde di ncnosmue rapplainecs ,Jvaah a sbeend
eisgendw iht  anmubre fo nitreetsign efautrse:

\ebgni{tieimz}e
\
ietmJ aav si  a{e\ms ipml}e alnugaeg.W hliei tu
sse amn yo fteh asm elnagaug ecnosrtutcsa sC  nadC +,+ aJv ai
sdseinge dt ob esmipel neoguhs ot hta lfunec yi nteh alnugaeg hsoludc
oem erltaievl yesaiyl ocmaprde ot elanrign  Co rC++.

\tie mJvaai s{ \me\fb bojceto-reinetd\}idne{xojbetc-roinetde} .
bOjceto-reinetdl agnugae sdviied rporgasm nit ospeaart emdouels
,clalde \{b fojbetcs,} hta tecnaspualt eteh rporga'msv airosu
tatirbtue sadn catoin.s hTu,s bOjcetO-reinetdP rgormamnig( OPO)a n
dOjbetc-rOinetde eDsgin( ODO)r eefrt oa  apritclua rwya fo rognaiizn
gporgarm,s noew hcihi sr aipdyl meegrign sa htep rfeerre dappraoc hfro
ubidlign ocmlpe xsfotawr essytmes .Jvaai sm uhc omr eojbetc-roinetde
hta nC++,a n di tcmoe swtiha ne xecleln tclolcetoino fl irbaire stahtc
a nb euesdt ob ulido bejc-toiretne dporgarm.s
\
ietmJ aav si \{e mrbouts} ,maennigt hta rerrosi nJ aav rporgasm d
o'ntc asues ytse mcarsehsa so fetna se rorr si nohte rporgarmimn
glnagaugse.C etrani efautrse fo htel agnugaee nbal emnayp oetnita
lerrosr ot eb edtcetde ebfroea  rporga mi srnu,a n dist xeclelnet{ \me
xecpetoinh adnlnig }cpaaibltiya lolw si tt o`c`acth'' rerrosw hliea 
rporga mi srnunnig
.
i\tme aJv ai s{e\mp ltafromi nedpnednet\}idne{xpaltofr midneepnednec} .
 Apaltofr,m ni hti scnotxet ,i sjsuta  apritclua rknido fc opmuetrs
ytse,m usc ha saM aicnots ho raW idnosw yssetm .S otihsm enast hta 
aJvaap rgorma acnb er u nwtihuotc hnagse no idfefrnetk idnso fc
opmuetr.s hTi si snto rtu efro nayo tehrh ihg-elvle rporgammign
alnugaeg,a n dtihsi so n eraesno hta tJvaai ss utie dfro WWWa
plpiactoin.s
\
ietmJ aav si  a{e\md itsrbiuetdi\nedxd{itsrbiuetd}} alnugaeg,w hcihm
enast hta tisp rgormasc a nb edseinge dt ornu no ocmuptre entowrsk.I
tc otnanisf etauersa n dcdoel irbaire stahtm aek ti apritclualrye ays
ot ubidl papilctainosf o rteh nItrente nadt h eWWW.T hsi si noeo ft h
eraesnosw h yJvaai ss ow ell usietdf o rspuprotniga plpiactoin so
ncroproaet entowrsk.

\tie mJvaai sa  \{e msceuer}l agnugae .Dseinge dt ob euesd
 o nntewrok,s aJv acnotian sfaetrue stahtp rtoetc gaanis t{e\mu
nrtutse dcdoe }--- ocd etahtm ihgti nrtoudc eav iurso rc orrutp oyu
rssytme ni osm ewya.F o reaxmlpe ,Wbe-absde aJv aporgarm saer esvreeyl
ocntsriande ni htea citosn hte ycna atk eocnet hye raed onwlaodde nit
oyuorb rwosre.

\nedi{tmeiez}

Dseptiet hsi ils to fattrcatvief etauers ,prehpast h ebsetr esao nfro
hcosoign aJv aa sa nitnrdoutcoyr rporgammign alnugaeg si tisp oetnita
lfro rbignign ufna n decxietmneti not elanrign ohwt op rgorma.I nw hta
tohre alnugaeg acna  ebgninnigp rgormamre rwiet  acmoptue rgmaeo ra 
rgahpiaclyl absde papilctaino hta tcna eb idsrtiubtde no  aWbe apg et
ojsuta buota n ycmoptue ri nteh owrdl?  Teh ismlpiict yo fJvaas' edsgin
,adn tise aisl yaccessilbel irbaire,s rbign usc haccopmlsihemnst iwtihnr
ecaho ft h emsotn epohtyep rgormamres
.
oFre xmapel,o n eo fteh rpoejcst ew iwl lwroko nt horuhgotu htet etx
si hteC yebrePti\nedxC{yebrePt }porgarm ,wihc hw ebgei ndseingign ni
hCatpesr~r\e{fcahpetri:nrto}2 nad\ rfe{hcatpe:rojbetcs.} C yebrePts
trat sotu sa  avreys ipml esmiualtoino fa  eptt hta ersopnsd ot
ocmamnsd ilk e`e`a't'a n d`s`leep'.'A sw el eranm oer ospihsitctae
dporgarmimn gtcehinqeusw eg rdaulal ybiul dmroec opmlxeiyt nit oteh
ismluaito.n oFre xmapel,w el eranh o wt oadd rgahpiacli mgae st oteh
rporga mi nCahpetr\~rfe{hcatpe:rappltes.} nI hCatpe~r\erfc{hpatre:olosp}w
el eranh o wt oainmtaet h eCbyePre'tse aitn gbheaivo.r nI
hCatpe~r\erfc{hpatre:raryas }w eadd arnodmens st oteh yCbrePte'
sbheaivo rs otahti td iosbyeso u rcmomnad sformt iem ot itm.e F ianlyl
ni hCatpe~r\erfc{hpatre:htraed}s ew elanr ohwt oi nrtoudc emlutpil
eCbyePrest fo idfefrnetk idnst hta ebhvaei na  ocmlpeetl yatuoonmuosf
ahsino s(e eFgi~r\e{ffgi:psiedyiws}h) . oT egta  olo ka twehr
ew'er ehaedde oyum ihgtw atn ot lpa ywtihC yebrePtb yv iistnigt h
ebooks' ocmapnoinW e bstiea t{ \tt tht:p/w/w.wpernahl.lcmo/omrlel/icbyepre}t.

\ebgni{ecnetr
}\ebgni{ifgrue[}h]t
r\uel{.47i5n{}.50c}m
e\pfsi{gfliec=h-0itnr/ofgiuerss/pdiewyihs.pes
}\acpito{nA niamg eformt h e{t\tC yebrePt }applte.
}\alble{ifgs:pdiewyihs}\
rlue4{.57i}n{0.5mc}\
edn{ifgrue
}\nedc{etne}r
\
scetoinW{hta sI bOjcetO-reinetdP rgormamnig}?
A
no bejc ti sporgarmm oudl etahte nacpusltae ssmoep otrino fo 
aporgarms' hcaarcetrsitcisa n dbheaivo.r  AJvaap rgorma si  aste fo
bojcet stahti netrcatw iht aec hohte rb ysnedniga n drceeviign
emsasgse maogn htesmevle.s hTi sntoino fo bojcet spsasnigm essaegsa
ruon dmgih tseemr ahte rsrtagnea tf isrt .T omsoto fu s ,ojbetcsa r
eiannmiaet osrst fo htigns ,lkie ssitcsk nads tnoe,s nadt h eiedat hta
htees osrst fo htignsc a ntlakt oe ahc tohre si ujs twier d(nadp
ossilbyc ofnuisn)g.

Btu bojcet sasloi nlcued naiamt etihnsg,s uhc sa naiaml,s nadp epol.e
oFrt hseek idnso fo bejcst hten oitosn fo nitreatcino nadc
ommuinctaino raeq utien autrla.I nede,d noeo ft h emianm oitvtainosb
eihn doru yCbrePte si hta ti ti sainmtaea n dw ecna ocmumnciaet iwt
hi.t sA ew ahv ednoew iht yCbrePte,t hsi etnednyc ot \{e
matnhorpmooprhzie }tihnsg ---m aek hte mhmualniek ---c a nmkaet h
entoino fo nitreatcign bojcet smroea cecsisbel.

Tuhs ,oen awyt ot hnika buott hnig si st oiamgniet hta hwe nayn ikn
do fojbetc si upti not  aJvaap rgorma,i tb eocmse laiev nadt hreeyb
bal et oatc nadc ommuinctae .Oru yCbrePte acnt ell su tisn aem nadr
epsodn ot uorc ommadns .Ab utto no nteh csreenc a ntlelu sh o wbgi ti
si nadw htehre ti si ivsbil eo rnto.A  aclucltao rojbetc acnb eg ievna
 unmebra n dakse dt ocmoptuei t ssuqaer oro.t
A
sR oebr tHlolwoa,y noeo ft h eeral yrveiweesr fo hti sbook ,hsa patyl
usgegsetd ,a sporgarmemr sw ehvaet hsi baiilt yt obirn gojbetcst ol
ief.A l lojbetcsa r eailv ei ntihss esne .Hwoeevr ,bceasuey o uaer
rbignign htignst ol ief,y o uhvaet ok nwo ohwt oc otnrlo hte.m
tOhrewsie ,lkieD inse'yss ocreerrs' papernitc,e oyuc olude n dwtiha 
idssatre no oyu rhnad.s hTi si spercsieyl hwa tteh bojceto-reinetda
prpocahi sa buot :dseingign bojcet stahtw okr otgtehre ot acryr
uota  apritclua rtsak
.
hTi siedao fi netrcatnigo bejcst si hteb aiscm eatpohri\nedxo{bejc
toiretne dmteahpo}r fo bojceto-reinetdp rgormamnig .I ti sav eyr
antrua lmteahpo rtahtc ofnomrst ot h ewya ew od htignsa n dslov
eporbelm si noru veeyrdya owrdl.

Fro xeapml,e uspops eIw atn ot rodre  apeic eo fsfotawr eformt h eAmceC
opmuetrW aerhuos ectaaolg .Hwo owudl  Icrar yotu hti starnascito?n
iFrts  Ineedt oc otnatc htec aatlgo ecnetra n dpalc em yodre.r fI 
Icnotcatt h ectaaolgc etne rb ypohn,e  Iwuol dcrar yo nac ovnesraito
nwtiha  esrivc eaegn,t dietniyfign htec aatlgo unmebra n ddsecirpito
no fteh osfwtaer  Iwnatt op ucrhsae .Teh gaetn imgth etl lm ehwo umc
hi tcsot sadn sakf o rm ycerdti acr difnomraito,n ot hwihc  Iwuol
drpel yb yporvdiign ym rceidtc adr unmebra n depxiartoind aet.

Teh catoino fp lcaign hti sodre rtkae spalc ebteweent w oojbetcs ,m
eadn htes evriec erpersnettaiev,a n di tivnovle steh apsisn gbcaka n
dfrot ho fcretians pceiifci noframtoin- - -teh osfwtaer' spratn ubme
radn edsrcitpino,a n dm ycerdti acr dnmubre nade xiprtaino
adt.e oMroevre,o nec  Itlelt h esrevciea gnett og oa haeda n dporcsest
h eodre,r hti sstesi not omtoins eevrla tohre rtasnatcinost hta
veetnulal ylaedt ot h esfotawr ebien gdleievrde ot ym ohm.e aEc ho
ftehs etarnascitosn nivlovse bojcet s(omsltyp esrosn)i netrcatnigw iht
aec hohte rb yecxhnagnigv airosu iknsd fo nifromtaino nadt hne
rpoecsisn gteh nifromtaino.T h eslae saegn tporcsesse ym rodre yb
apsisn gi to,n eprahp so nac etrani ikn do ffrom( aontehro bejc)t,t oa
 awrheosuec lrek( aontehro bejc)t.T h ewraeohues lcekr sue steh ofr
mt olcoaet htes otfwraei nt h ewraeohues nadp asse si to,n laogn iwt had
eilvreyf rmo,t oa  edlvieyr idsapthce r(naohte rojbetc) .Teh
idsapthce rporcsesse hted eilvreyf omr yb amkniga rarnegmnet swtiha 
ocuire r(naohte rojbetc) ,adn os no.

Tihst rnascatoins hwoss eevrla hcaarcetrsitcist hta raei mopratn
teelmnet so fojbetc-roinetde rporgammign.

\ebgni{tieimz}e
i\tme \{b fDviied nadC oqnure rPicnilpei\nedxD{iivd eadn oCnuqe rPirnicpel}}. T
hreei sa  \{e mdviiiso no flbao}r ta owr.k  Avreyc opmlciaetda n
dcmopelxt rnascatoinh a sbeend iivdde nit osamlelr ,mroem aangaebel
atssk.  Tihs{ \me idvdiea-n-dcnoqeur }appraoc hi sa nipmotratn rpolbe
mslovnigs tartgeya sw ell sa na miprotnate lmeetn ni edsginnigo
bejc-toiretne dporgarm.s eGnreally ,teh ifrts tse pi ndseingign 
aporgarmi st od iivd eteh voearl lporbelmi not  aste fo ewl-ldfeiends
utbakssa n dtehnt od eisg na nojbetc ot oslev aec ho fteh
usbatssk.D iivdniga  ats ku pi ntihsw a yrdeuecst h eaomutn fo
nifromtaino hta tecaha gnet( ojbetc)n edest ok nwo ni rodre ot eprofr
mist ojb .Tihss ipmlfiise aec htsaka n dicnraesse htec hnacse hta ti
twlilb ep efromre dcrorcetyl.

\tie m{b\fE nacpusltaino rPicnilpei\nedxE{nacpusltaino rPicnilpe.}}
 Ecaha gneti novlevdi nt hsi ocmlpiactde rtasnatcino si na xepreti no
n eapsetc fo hteo vreall rpoecs.s nI dadtiino ot nkoiwn ghwo ot
eprofr mteh ats,k aec haegn tkonw seaxcltyw hta nifromtaino si
erqiurde ofrt h etsak ,adn xeatcl ywahti noframtoinn edest ob ep asse
do nt oteh enx taegn.t nAohte rwya ot asyt hsi si hta tecaha gnet{ \me
necpasluaets }teh xepretsien edee dt oprefroma  ecrati ntsak .I nteh
asm ewya,t h eojbetcsi na no bejc-toiretne dporgarma r edseinge dt ob
eslefc-otnanie d{e\mm oudlse}t hta necpasluaet pseicfci sapcet so fteh
voearl ltsak .Ecaho bejc ti sdfeiendi nt emrso fw hta ti ode,s nade ahc
bojcetc otnanist h eifnomraito nadn htem enast op efromr tisg ievnt
aks.

\tie m{b\fI netrafc ePirnicpel\nidxe{nItrefcaeP rnicpil}e. }
nI rodre ofra gnet st owrokc opoeartvieyl nade fifceinlty ,w ehvaet oc
lraiyf xeatcl yhwo hte ysohudl nitreatc,o ri netrafc,e iwt hoen
naohte.r T hsi si acleldt h e{e\mi netrafc epirnicpel} .Fro xeapml,e
htei netrafc et oteh edlvieyr idsapthce ri noru rtasnatcino
imgth eb  apratciualrp aeprf omr hta tmsutb ef ille di.n nOc eteh ofr
mi sporprel yflilde ni,t h edsiptacehrc a nprefromt h etsak .Smiialryl,a
no bejc'tsi netrafc elmiist htew a yteh bojcetc a nb euesd .Tihn
ko fteh idfefrneti netrafcse rpeesnetdb ya  idgtia ladn naaolgc
lcok .I noen acs,e itm ei sdsipalyde ni idsrceet nuist,a n dbtutnosa
r euesdt os e tteh itm ei nhuor sadn imntue.s nI hteo tehr ,teh itm
ei sdsipalyde yb ahnsd no  acolc kfcae ,adn itm ei sste yb utrinn gas
mlalw heel .I nbtohc aesst h ecolc'ksi netrafc edteemriensh o wi tcna
eb sue.d
\
ietm{ \fb nIfromtaino iHdnigP rnicpil\eidne{xIfnomraito nHdiign rPicnilpe.}}
 Teh owr ktahte ahc gaetn eprofrsm si ihdednf rmo hteo tehra gnet.s
hTes aelsa gnetk nwosw hta nifromtaino ot aps st oteh awrheosuec lrekb
u tdeosn o tkonwe xcatyl hwa tteh awrheosuec lrekd ose iwt hteh
nifromtaino.W aerhuos ecelrsk amyu s esrpedasehest ro epnicla n dppae
rt omnaaeg hteri atssk,b u tteh aslse gaetn enend' tkonwt hseed
eatisl.S iimlral,y ni htec lcoka nlaoyg,i no redrt ou s eac lcokw en
edent' nko whwo tist iemkeepnigm ehcains mwrok.s hTa tlvee lo
fdteali si ihdednf rmo su.T hsi ofr mo f{e\mi noframtoinh
iidn}g si las oepmlyoe di nteh bojceto-reinetda prpocah .Wihl eecaho
bejc ti nteh rporga mpersnet sac etrani nitrefcaet ot h eohte
rojbetcs ,i taslos heilsd hted eatisl fo xeatcl yhwo ti cacmopilsehsi
t stsakf rmo hteo tehro bejcst.

\tie m{b\fG eenrlaiyt rPicnilpei\nedxG{eenrlaiyt rPicnilpe.}}A sl ogn sa ew a
r edseingign na bojcett os ovlea  rpolbe,m ew imgth sa ewl ld
oi ti nag eenrla awys ot hta hteo bejc tcna eb sue di nayn istautoint
hta erqiurse tise xeprits.e nI tohre owrsd,w ed eisg nojbetcsn o tfro
 apratciualrt aks,b u trtahre ofra  apritclua r{e\mk idn}o ft aks.W em
ihgtc all hti steh \{e mgneearltiyp rnicpil}e.F o reaxmlpet h
edsiptacehrk nwosd ipsacthnigi ng eenrla nadi sa bel ot hsi payntihn
gfro hteA cem awrheosue ,nto ujs tcsutmoe rodresr.S iimlral,y fi hte
yaer edsginde ewl,l bojcet scna eb sue di nayn unmebro fp rgormast hta
erqiur etehi rsrevcie.s hTeJ aav lcass ilbarr ycnotian sojbetcst hta
pseicailz ei nprefromnigc etrani iknsd fo niptu nado uptu
toeprtainos .Rtahre hta nhvaign ot rwiet uoro w nruotniet op rnita 
emsasg eo nteh ocnosl,e ew acnu s eal irbayr bojcett oh adnl eoru
rpitnign atssk.

\tie m{b\fE xetnisbliiyt rPicnilpei\nedxE{xetnisbliiyt rPicnilpe.}}
 Oen fo htes terntgh so fteh bojceto-reinetda prpocahi st h e{e\me
xetnisbliiyt}o fo bejcst.T hsi otoh a sist naaolgeu ni htee vreyadyw
olrd .Ocnea na gneta cuqierse xeprits ei nag ievnt aks,i ti sn o
tdfifciutl ot xetnedt h eaegn'tse xeprits et oaccopmlsiha  erltae
dtsak .Fro xeapml,e fi cAm eneed sslae saegnst hwos pceilaiez ni
ahrwdaer rodres ,i twuol db emroee cnooimcla ot xetnedt h esiklsl fo
osm eo fteh ucrern taegnst niseta do ftariinn gan oivc eforms carthc.I
nt h esmaew a,y ni hteo bejc-toiretne dappraoc,h na bojcetw hsoes
pceilat yi sipnuttign adt amgih tb esepcailzie dt ohnadel unmrei
cdtaa .A sw ewlils e ei nCahpetr\~rfe{hcatpe:rojbetcs,} aJv'as{ \me
nihreiatnec}m ehcains mspuprot stihsk idn fo xetnesbiiilt.y
e\n{dietmzie
}
aTkne otgtehre,t hseep rnicpilse edsrcieb bojceto-reinetdp rgormamniga
n dporbelms ovlign.  Tkae nidniivdaulyl,e ahc fo htea bvoep rnicpilse
rpoivdse  amnaiefsattoino ft h emroeg eenrla rpicnilpeo f{ \me
basrtatcino\nidxe{bAsrtatcino rPicnilpe}}.A btsrcatoini st h eaibltiyt
og ruopl agreq unattiise fo nifromtaino otgtehre nit oas ignl e{e\mc
hnuk.} A  hcukn si  auinto fm eomr.y hTet emr awsc onie db yGoereg
iMlelri nh i s1596a ritcel ``Teh aMgci uNmebrS eevn ,Pulso rM iunsT
w,o' 'i nwihc hh ecaliemdt hta uhmnash aev htea bliiyt ot amngaeo nyl
esvne p(lsu ro imnsu wto )peicse fo nifromtaino ta noet
iem.T hreeofr,e ew amngael agreq unattiise fo nifromtaino yb ofrimn
gasbtarcitosn.F o reaxmlpe ,ist aeseirt or eemmebra  oln gsrtign fo
idgtisi fw ec hnukt h edgiist.S oa  hpoen unmebrg est rognaiezdi not
htree hcukns( 200-9901-197) ,rtahre hta noen hcukn ocnissitn go ftne
idgtis( 2009091719.)
A
btsrcatoino cucr strhoguhuott h eaobv epirnicpels .Ograinzniga 
ocmlpe xste fo edtial sitnoa  isnlgem oudl,e nadt hne edailn gwtiht h
emdouel sa  awohl ei saf omr fo basrtatcino.D iivdniga  rpolbe mitnoi
t scmopnoetn aprst si  afromo fa btsrcatoin ,smiialri nn autr et
odviiidn gap hnoen ubme ritnoi t scmopnoetns . rPeesnitn gac etrani
upbilci netrafc efrocse hteu sre ot eda lwtiha no bejc ti ntrem so
fteh basrtatcinosd eifnde yb htei netrafc.e nI etrsm fo rporga mdseing,a
 ogo dasbtarcito ni setxesnilbea n dahcivee steh irgth edgereo fg
eenrlaiyt.

\escito{nWahtI sa  oCmuptre?
}
 A{b\fc opmuetr }i sam ahcien hta tprefrom sclacluaitosn nadp rcoesse
sifnomraito.n  Acmoptue rwrok sudne rteh ocnrto lo fac opmuetrp
rgorma\nidxe{ocmuptre rporga}m,a  esto fi ntsrcutoin stahtt ell 
acmoptue rwahtt od o .{b\fH adrwrae\}idne{xhradawr}e erfrest ot h
eeelcrtoinca n dmcehnaiaclc opmoennst fo  acmoptue.r \{b
fSfotawr}e\nidxe{osfwtaer}r eefr st oteh rporgasm hta tcnotorlt h
ehradawr.e
A
 \{b fgneearlp-uproes ocmuptre}i\nedxc{opmuetr ,gneearlp-uproes}o ft
h esrott hta ew iwl lb eporgarmimn gsotrse tisc otnrlo rporgasm ni
tism eomr yadn si acpbal eo fcahnign gist ocnrto lporgarma n dhnec
ecahnign gwahti td ose.  Tihsi si nc otnrsatt oa  \{b fsepcailp-uproes
ocmuptre}i\nedxc{opmuetr ,sepcailp-uproes} ,scuha st h eoen hta
trseiedsi ny oru imcorwvaeo vne ro hteo n etahtc otnrlosy oru idgtia
lwtac ho rclacluaotr .Tehs etpye so fcmoptuesr ocnati ncnotorlp rgormast
hta raef iexda n dcnanto eb hcagne.d
A
 ocmuptre' shradawr ei sograinzde nit osveearlm ani usbyssetm so
rcmopnoetns
.
b\eigni{tmeiez}\
ietmT h e{b\fo uptu tdveiecs }porvdiea  emasn yb hwihc nifromtaino
ehl di nteh ocmuptre acnb ed ipslyae di nsmoeh uamns-esnilbef omr.C
ommo notuptu edvcie sicnlduep rnitres ,mnoiotr,s nada uidos paekres
.
i\tme hTe{ \fb niptu edvcie}s rbign adt aadn nifromtaino nit
oteh ocmuptre.  Smoeo ft h emroec ommo nipnu tdveiecsa r eteh ekyobadr,m
osue ,mcirpohnoe ,adn csanne.r
\
ietmT h e{b\fp rmiayr emmroyi\nedxc{opmuetrm eomr}y}
 o r{b\fm ani emmroy }o fac opmuetri su sde ot tsoer obt hdtaaa n
dporgarm.s hTi stpyeo fm eomr yi sbiul tetnierl yotu fo leetcrnoi
ccmopnoetns- - - nitgertae dcriciutc hpis- - -wihc hmkae si
tetxrmeeyl afs.t  Acmoptue'rsm ani emmroyi s{ \me ovltaiel} ,wihc
hmaen stahta n yifnomraito nsotrde ni ti si ols twehnt h ecmoptue'rsp
oewri st unre doff.I na  esnes,m ani emmroya cst sa htec opmuetrs'
csrtac hpda,s troign obt hporgarm sadn adt atmeproairl ywihl eap
rgorma si urninn.g
\
ietmT h e{b\fs eocnadr ysotrgaei\nedxc{opmuetrs troaeg} }dveiecsa r e
sue dfro oln-gtremo rp emraenn tsotrgaeo fr ealtvieyl alreg maonut so
fifnomraito.n T hseed eivcse niculd emgantei cdsik,s oCmapc tDsik
s(DCs,) nadm angeitct aeps . lAlo ft hseed eivcse rae{ \me
onnovltaiel} ,maennigt hta hte yrteani nifromtaino hwe nteh ocmuptre'
spwoe ri strunde fof . oCmaprde ot  acmoptue'rsp rmiayr emmroy ,tehs
edveiecsa r erleaitvleys lwo,b eacues hteri cacsesd eivcse lalr euqier
osm efromo fm ehcaincla omtoint or ertiveea n dsotr edtaa
.
i\tme hTe{ \fb ecnrta lporcsesnigu nti\nidxe{ecnrta lporcsesnigu nti}
 (PCUi\nedxC{P}U) }i steh ocmuptre' smiane nign.e hTeC P Ui steh
ocmuptre' s{e\mm ircorpoecsosr,} usc ha steh nItle ePnitu mporcsesro,w
hcihs evre sa steh ofudnaito nfro oms tWnidwosP C,s ro hteP oewrCP
rpoecsosr ,wihc hsrevse sa htef onudtaino ofrM aicnots hcmoptuesr.U
nedrt h edrietcino fo ocmuptre rporgasm s(otfwrae,) hteC P
Uissuse isganl stahtc otnrlo hteo tehrc opmoennst hta tmkaeu pt h
ecmoptue rssytme.  Oen oprito no fteh PCU ,konw na steh \{e
mairtmheitcl-oigcu nti A(L)U} ,prefrom sall aclucltainos ,scuha sa
didtoina n dsbutarcito,n nada l llgoiaclc opmairsnos ,scuha sw hne
noep iceeo fd aat si ocmaprde ot naohte rt odteemrien fi hte yaer
qeula.

\nedi{tmeiez}

Teh ocmuptre' ssfotawr\eidne{xsfotawr}e acnb ed itsignusihde
nit otow ami ntpye:s
\
bgei{nietmzie
}
i\tme \{b fApplciaito nsfotawr}e erfrest op rgormasd eisgendt
op rvoied  apratciualrt aks ro esrivc,e usc ha swrodp rcoessosr,c
opmuetrg aems ,srpedasehe tporgarm,s nadW e bborwesr.s 

\tie m{b\fS ytse msfotawr}e niculdse rporgasm hta tprefromt h
ebsai coeprtainost hta amk eac opmuetru sbal ea tall.F o reaxmlpe ,a
nipmotratn ipeec fo yssetms otfwraei st h e{e\mo preaitn gssytme}
,wihc hcnotian sporgarm stahtm aang eteh adt asotrde no htec opmuetrs'
idssk.\
edn{tieimz}e
A
ntohre miprotnatt hnigt hta hteo preaitn gssytme ode si st osrev ea
sa nitnefraec ebtewe nteh sue radn hteh adrwrae . hTeo preaitn gssytme
edtremnie shwo hteu sre iwl litnearc twtiht h essytme,o rc ovnesreyl,h
o wteh yssetmw ill olo kadn efe lt oteh sue.r oFre xmapel,i n{ \me
ocmamn-dlnie }ssytmes ,scuha sU nxi nadD O S(hsotr ofrD iks pOeartnigS
ytse)m,a  rporga mi srnu yb ytpnigi t snmaeo nt h ecmomnadl ien.B yc
otnrsat ,i ngarpihclal ybsae dssytmes ,scuha sW idnosw nadM aicnots,h
 aporgarmi sr u nb ycilcikn go nist cio nwtiht h emuos.e hTu,s hti
s`p`onita n dcilc'k'i netrafc ehsa  attoallyd iffeern t`l`oko nadf
ele,'' ubtd ose htes aem htign.

\escito*n{oBx :PorcsesrosT hne nadN o}w
a\dcdotnetnsiln{etco}s{etcino}\{S~~~B o:x rPoecsosr sTehna n dNwo}%
%C hpatre 
0% %Ttil:e oCmuptres ,Ojbetcsa n dJvaa%
%B oexdT oipc :PorcsesrosT hne nadN o
w% %Pcitrue :Poht oo fPnetuimc hpi nado/rE NAIC

T ogviey o usmoei dae fo ohwr aipdyl ocmuptre ahrwdaer etcnhoolg yhsa
davnacde,l e'tsc opmaer htef isrtd iigtla rpoecsosrw iht noeo ft
oadys' omdles . 

Teh \{e mEINA}C w(hcihs toodf o rEelcrtoincN uemrcia lItnergaotra n
dClacluaotr )wsa edvleoepdi n1 964 ta hteU nviesriyt fo
ePnsnyvlaina .EINA Coccuipe dmroet hna 460s qaur efeeto ff loors pcaea
n dwiegehdn eral y3 0tnos .Isntaedo ft h e{e\mi netgartde icrucist}u
sde ni otdya' scmoptuesr,E NAICs' idgtia ltcehonlgoyw a sbsae do
noevr1 70,0 0vcaumu utbse.  A tas peedo f1 0,0000 uplessp e rsceodn,E
NAICr a nmroet hna 050t iemsf atse rtahno tehrc opmuitn gmcahnie so
ftahtd a yadn gae .Ist ami napplciaito nwsa ofrc opmuitn gblalsitci
rtaejcotreisf o rteh .US . rAm.y tI ocudl eprofr maorudn 030m
utlilpiactoin si nas eocn.d oT rporga mteh NEICA,y o uwuol dhvaet om
ainpluaet uhnrdesd fo acbelsa n dsiwthce.s tI oto ktow ro htree
ady sfro  ataemo fs eevrla rporgammesr,m ots fo hwo mwreey onugw oemn
,t oste pu  asnigel rporga mtahtw oludt hne urnf o raf e wsceodns
.
hTeP etnimu IIIp rcoesso ri sItne'lsm ots davnacde nadp oewruflp
rcoesso rfro edstko pcmoptuesr.  Teh hci pcnotian s95. imlilo
ntarnissotr sadn urn sa tsepesd pu ot 050M H z(050m illino yccelsp e
rsceodn) .Teh ePnitu mporcsesro si msall neoguht of i tcmopeltleyw ihti
nteh ocnifnse fo htef ignenrali no oyu rpnik yfnigre.I te xceuetsm
illinoso fi ntsrcutoin spre escnod .I tspuprot sah ueg arneg fo
umlitmdei aapplciaitosn,i nlcuidn gtrhe-edmiesninoa lgarpihc,s
tsraemniga uidoa n dvdie,o nads peec hrceongiito napplciaitosn.  T
oporgarmt h ePnetuim ,yuo acnc hoos eforma  iwd ernag eo fhgihl-eevlp
rgormamnigl agnugae,s niculdnigt h eJvaal agnugae
.
\
scetoinT{h eItnenre tadn hteW olrdW ied eWb
}
oMs tpresnoa lcmoptuesr ocnati nsfotawr etahte nbalse hte mt ob
ecnoncetde ot \{e mntewrok\sidne{xntewrok}s}o fv airosu iszse.  Ntewrok
sallo wmnayi nidvdiula suesr ot hsaer ocsltyc opmuetrr eosucre,s usc
ha sah ihg-psede rpitne ro ral agred iks rdiev ro \{e mflies evre}r
hta ti suesdt os troea n ddsitirbtueb oht adt aadn rporgasm ot htec
opmuetr so nteh entowr.k
F
iel esrevr saer ujs toen xeapml eo f{e\mc lein/tsrevre
ocmuptnigi\nedxc{lein-tsrevre},}  acmoptuign omdle amd epsosbil eb
yntewrok.s A cocridn gt otihsm oedl ,cretianc opmuetr so nteh entowr
kaer estu pa s{ \me esrevr}s,w hcihp rvoied ecrati nwleld-eifnde
esrivcse ot \{e mciletn}c opmuetr.s oFre xmapel,o n ecmoptue ri nan
ewtokr amyb es e tu pa steh \{e mmials evre}r iwt hteh ersopnisbliiyt
fo esnidn,g ercievniga n dsotrnigm ali ofra l luesr so nteh
entowr.k sUesr amyu s eciletn papilctaino osfwtaer,s uhc sa uEdroao rP
ien,t oa cecs stehi rmialo nt h esrevre.  Smiialryl,a ntohre esrevrm
a yb este pu sa  a{e\mW e bsrevre}w iht hter epsosniibltiyo fs troign
eWbp aegsf o rall hteu sreso nt h entewrok . sUesr acnr u nWbe
rboswesr,a ntohre ytp eo fciletn osfwtaer,t oa cecs sWbe apgse no htes
evre.r aJv ai spratciualryl ewl lsiutde ofrt hseet yepso fn ewtokre
do rdsitirbtue dapplciaitosn,w hreep atr fo htea plpiactoins otfwraer
eisdse no  asrevre nadp atr ersdie so nteh lcinetc opmuetr
.
eNtowrsk acnr agnei ns iez rfo m{e\mL oaclA rae eNtowrsk L(AsN),}
hwihc ocnenc tcmoptuesr nadp eirpehrlaso vre  arleaitvleys mlala rae,s
uhc sa iwtihna  albo ra  ubidlign,t horuhg \{e mWdieA rae eNtowrsk
W(AsN),} hwihc acns pna alreg egorgahpi caera,s usc ha sctiise nadn
aitosn.

Teh \{e mItnenre\tidne{xItnenre}t}( wtiha  acptia lI )i san ewtokr fo
entowrsk hwoes egorgahpiacla rae ocvrest h eetnier lgoeb.  Teh \{e
mWrol dWdieW e\bidne{xWrol dWdieW e}b W(W\Widne{xWWW}}) si naohte
reaxmlpeo fd itsrbiuetd ,ciletn/esrevrc opmuitn.g T h eWWW si onta 
espraaet hpyiscla entowr.k aRtehri ti sa  usbesto ft h eItnenre ttahtu
sse hte{ \fb yHpreTxetT rnasefrP rtooocl( HTTPi\nedxH{TPT}}).A  \{b
fportcoo}l\nidxe{rpootclo}i sa  esto fr uelsa n dcnovnetoin stahtg
oevr nhwo ocmumnciaito ntkae spalc ebteweent w ocmoptuesr.H TPT si 
amlutmieidap rtooocl .I tspuprot steh rtasnmsisoino ft etx,g rpahcis
,suon,d nado tehrf omrso fi noframtoin . eCrati ncmoptuesr iwtihna 
entowr krnu pseica lsfotawr etahte nbalse hte mt opalyt h erloeo fH
TPT esrevr.s hTe ysotr eWbe odcmuetnsa n daer acpbal eo fhnadiln
grqeuset sfro odcmuetnsf rmo lcinetb rwosre papilctainos .Teh esrevr
sadn lcinet scna eb olctae daynwehr eo nteh nItrente.

Teh odcmuetnss troe do nWbe esrevr saer necdoe di nas pceila
etx-tbsae dlnagaug ekonw na s{b\fH yepreTx tMrakpu aLnugaeg} ,o r{b\fH
TLM}i\nedxH{TLM} .Wbe rboswesr,s uhc sa eNtcsaep' sNvaiagtro nadM
ircoosf'tsI netrentE xlpoerr ,aer edsginde ot nitrepertd oucmnet
scdoe di ntihsl agnugae .Teh alnugaeg tislefi sv eyr ismlpe .Ist absci
leeemnst raek nwona s{ \me atg}s,w hcihc osnits fo ecrati nkyewrod so
rohte rtxetc otnanie dwtihni nagel rbakcest,$ < $adn >$$ .Fro xeapml,e
fi oyuw atne dt oiatlciiez  acuhn ko ftxeto na  eWbp aeg oyuw olude
nlcoes ti ebtewe nteh <$I$> nad$ <I/> $tgas .Tuhs ,teh oflolwnigH TLM
ocd
e
s\mlal\
bgei{nvrebtai}m
      i<>tIailcf otn<i/>c a nb euesdf o r<>iepmhsai<s/>i.\
edn{evrabtmi}\
nromlaszie

\onidnetn owudl eb idslpaeyda s
 
b\eignc{etne}r
b\eignm{iinpgae{}4ni}{
\me tIailcf otn}c a nb euesdf o r{e\me mhpaiss.}
e\n{dmniiapg}e
e\n{dcnetre}

\onidnetn yb hteW e bborwesr
.
hWe nyuo suea  eWbb rwosre ot usr fteh nItrente,y o urpeetaeldy
 isnturc tyuorb rwosre ot og ot  acretianl oactoina n drtereiv
eap aeg hta ti secnoeddi nH TLM.F o reaxmlpe ,i fyuo ytpde htef
olloiwn g{b\fU R L(nUiofr mRseoruc eLcoaotr})\nidxe{nUiofr mRseoruc
eLcoaotr\}idne{xULR}
 
s\mlal\
bgei{nvrebtai}m
   tht:p/t/ryo.rticnoll.deu~/jjj/nidxe.thm
l\nedv{ebraitm
}\onramlisz
e
n\onidneti not oyu rborwesr ,teh rboswe rwuol dsneda  emsasg et oteh
eWbs evre r{t\tt ryo}l oactde ni hte{ \tt rticnoll.deu }dmoani ---t h
e{t\tt rniclol }protoino ft hsi daders ssepcfiise rTiint yClolgeea n
dteh \{t teud}p otrino pseicfeist h eeudctaino odmiano ft h eItnenre
t--- erqeusitn gtahtt h edcouemn tnmae d{t\ti nedxh.tlm}i nt h e{t\tj
j}j ohm edrietcoyr eb ertireevda n dsnetb akc ot oyu rcmoptue
r(iFg\~rfe{ifgh:tpt}.) hTeb euat yo fteh eWbi st hta ti si opsisbel
ot mebde etx,t osudn,v iedo ,adn rgahpisc iwtihna nH TLM odcmuetn,m
aikn gi tpsosbil et odwonola daw ied arneg fo umlitmdei arseorucse
htruog htihs( rleaitvley )smipel emcahnsim
.
b\eignc{etne}r
b\eignf{iugr}e[th]\
rlue4{.57i}n{0.5mc}\
espfgi{ifl=ec0h-nitor/ifgrue/shttpe.p}s
c\atpino{WWW :Teh lcinets' rboswe rrqeuset sap aeg rfo
maW e bsrevre.W hne hteH TLM odcmuetn si ertrunde ti si
nitrepertde nadd ipslyae db yteh rboswe.r}\
lbae{lfgi:tht}p
r\uel{.47i5n{}.50c}m
e\n{dfgiuer}\
edn{ecnetr
}
hTeW e bhsa neomrosu optnetailt oc hnag ebsuiens,s netretianemn,t
ocmemrec,a n deudctaino.  Teh afc ttahti ti sn o wpsosbil et odwonola
dcmoptue rgmae sadn tohre papilctaino osfwtaer rfo mteh eWbm a
ycmopeltleyc hnag eteh awyn e wsfotawr ei sprucahsde nadd itsrbiuetd
.Smiialryl,a sn oetde alrire,m ayn ubsniesse shvaeb eugnt oo ragnziet
hieri noframtoins ytsesm nit oitnrnaest ---p rviaet entowrsk hta thvaei
mlpeemnetdt h eHTTPp rtooocl .Crurnetyl,o n eo fteh ibga raeso fd
eevlpomneto nt h eWbe si ocmemrec.A ss ono sa ocnusmresg ani
ocnifdnec etahtc rdei tcradi noframtoinc a nb esceuerl ytarnmsitte
doevrt h eWbe a(si tc a noevra  etlpehnoe,) hteW e bwlilb ep osie dt
oepxldoea sa  amrektnigm eidu ma spwoefru,l eprahp,s sa etlveiiso ni
stdoa.y B eacues aJv ahsa ebe ndseinge dt ospuprots eucr,e idsrtiubtde,n
ewtokre dapplciaitosn,i ti si daelyl usietdt ob eu sde sa htel
agnugaef o rtehs etpye so fapplciaitosn.

\escito{nPorgarmimn gLnagaugse}

Msotc opmuetrp rgormast oadya r ewirtetni na  \{b fhgihl-eevll
agnugaei\nedxh{ihg elvle alnugaeg},} usc ha sJvaa ,C ,C++,o rF
OTRRNA.A  rporgammign alnugaeg si ocnisdree dhgihl-eevli fi t
ssattmeetnsr eesmlbeE nlgihs alnugaeg tsaetmnet.s oFre xmapel,a l lo
fteh alnugaegsj uts emnitoendh aev osm efromo fa ni fs ttaeemn,t hwihc
asy,s ``i fsmoec odniito nhlod,s hte ntkaes oem catoin'.'
 
oCmuptre csinetsit shvaei nevnetdh udnrdeso fh ihg-elvle rporgammign
alnugaegsa lhtoguhr ealtvieyl efwo ft hseeh aev ebe nptu ot rpatciaclu
s.e S oem fo htew iedl yuesdl agnugae shvaes pceila efautrse hta
tmkaet hme usiatbel ofro n etpyeo fp rgormamniga plpiactoino ra
ntohre.C OOBL( CmOmno uBsniess-rOinetde aLnugaeg) ,fro xeapml,e si
tsill iwdleyu sde ni ocmemrica lapplciaitosn.F OTRRNA F(OmRual
RTAsNltao)r si tsill rpeefrerdb ys oem negnieresa n dsicetnitss .Ca n
dC++ raes tlilt h epirmrayl agnugae suesdb ys ytsesm rporgammesr.

I naddiito nt ohvaign efautrse hta tmkaet hme usiatbel ofrc etrani
ytpse fo papilctainos ,hgihl-eevll agnugae sues ysmobl sadn onttaino
hta tmkaet hme aesliyr edaalbeb yh uamn.s oFre xmapel,a rtihemtci
poeartoin si nJvaam aek sueo ff aimlairo preaotr sscuha s` `+$$'' nad`
`-$$'' nad` `'/' ,s otahta rtihemtci xepersisosn olo kmroeo rl ess htew
a ytehyd oi na legbar.S o ,t otkaet h eaevrgaeo ft w onmubresy o
umgih tues htee xrpessino
\
saml
l\ebgni{evrabtmi} 
 ( a+  )b  /2\
edn{evrabtmi}\
nromlaszie

Teh rpolbe mi stahtc opmuetr scnanto idrcetyl nudresatn dscuhe
xrpessinos .I nodre rfro  acmoptue rt ornu  aporgarm ,teh rporga
mmsutf isrtb et rnasaltde nit oist \{b fmcahniel agnugaei\nedxm{ahcien
alnugaeg},} hwihc si hte{ \me nisrtutcino est }udnesrtoodb yi t sCUP
ro imcorporcsesro.E ahc ytp eo fmcirporcoesso rhsa tiso w npratciualrm
ahcien alnugaeg.T hta' swyh ytpciallyw hne oyub u yap iceeo fs
otfwraei tr usn ietehro na  aMcnitsoh ,wihc huesst h ePwoePrCc hpi,o
ro na  iWnodw smcahnie ,wihc huesst h ePnetuimc hpi,b u tnto no
obt.h hTef atc hta tap rgorma acnr u no njsuto n etpyeo fc hpi si
nkonw sa \{e mpaltofr mdpeednecnei\nedxp{ltafromi nedpnednec}e}
.
nI egnrea,l amcihn elnagaugse raeb aesdo nt h e{e\mb ianr ycdoe,} 
atow-avleuds ytse mtahti sw ell usietdf o reelcrtoincd eivcse.I na 
ibnrayr erpeesnattoins cehm eeevrtyhnigi sr erpeesnetda sa  esqeunec
fo '1sa n d0s',w hcihc orrepsodnsc lsoeyl ot htec opmuetrs' leetcrnoi
c`o`n'' nad` `fof'' tsaets . oFre xmapel,t h enmubre 31 owudl eb
erpersnetde sa 110.1 iSmlialry ,ap atriuclra daders si nteh ocmuptre'
smmeoyr imgth eb erpersnetde sa 10100011,a n da nisnturcito ni nteh
ocmuptre' sisnturcito nste imgth eb erpersnetde sa 001010
.
hTei ntsrcutoin stahtm aek pu  acmoptue'rsm ahcien alnugaeg raev eyr
ismlpea n dbsai.c nI oms tcsae,s  asnigel nisrtutcino acrire sotu 
asnigel amcihn eoeprtaino.F o reaxmlpe ,at yipcla amcihn elnagaug
emgih ticnlduei ntsrcutoin sfro DAD ,SBUTARC,T IDVDIE ,adn UMLITPYL,b u
ti twuolnd' tcnotiana ni ntsrcutoinf o rAEVRGAE .Tehrfeoer htep rcoess
fo vaeargnigt w onmubresw oludh aev ot eb rboeknd onw nit otow ro omr
esetp.s  Amcahniel agnugaei ntsrcutoini tesl fmgih thvaes oemtihn
gsmiialrt ot h eflolwoign oframt ,i nwihc ha n{e\mo pocd}e si oflolwde
yb esvrea l{e\mo preadns,} hwihc erfre ot olctainosi nt h ecmoptue'rsp
rmiayr emmroy .Teh oflolwnigi ntsrcutoins asy DADt h enmubre ni
OLCTAINO1t ot h enmubre ni OLCTAINO2a n dsotr eteh ersluti nL
OACTOIN:3
\
bgei{ncnetre}\
bgei{ntbaualr{}llll }
   \{b fOcpoed}&  \{b fOeprnad1 }&  \{b fOeprnad2 }&  \{b fOeprnad3 }\\  
 \ hiln
e   {t\t0 1111}0  &{t\t1 1101}0   &{ \tt 111010 } &  \{t t111110}  \
\   (DAD )        &(OLCTAINO )1     &(OLCTAINO )2     &(OLCTAINO )3   \
\\nedt{aublra}\
edn{ecnetr
}
n\onidnetG ievnt h epirmtiiev antrueo fm ahcien alnugaeg,a n  
xepersiso nlkiet h eoen baoev,( a+  )b/,2 owudl ahv et ob etarnlsaetdi
not  asqeunec eo fsveearlm ahcien alnugaeg nisrtutcinosw hcih ,i
nbniayr ocd,e imgth olo ka sflolwos
:
s\mlal\
bgei{ncnetre}\
bgei{nvrebtai}m
                  101110110110111010111011 
                0 0100010100001000010110
1                  010000001010001110111011
e\n{dvrebtai}m
e\n{dcnetre}\
nromlaszie

I nteh aeryl ady so fcmoptuign,b eofr ehgihl-eevll agnugae swreed
eevlpoe,d ocmuptresh a dt ob eporgarmemdd iercltyi nt hierm ahcien
alnugaegs ,a netxrmeeyl etdoiu sadn rerro rpoen rpoecs.s mIaign ehwo
idfifcluti tw oludb et od eetc ta nerro rtahtc osnitse do fptutniga  
0i nteh baoev rporga mwehr ea1  hsoludo cucr
!
oFrutntaeyl ew on olnegrh aev ot owryr baotu amcihn elnagaugse,b
eacues pseica lporgarm scna eb sue dt otarnlsaet  ahgihl-eevlo r{ \fb
osucrec oed\nidxe{osucrec oed} }porgarmi not amcihn elnagaug eo r{b\fo
bejc tcdoei\nedxo{bejc tcdoe}}.  I ngneearl ,ap rgorma hta
ttarnlsaetss oruc ecdoet oo bejc tcdoei sk nwona sa  \{e
mtarnlsaotri\nedxt{rnasaltro} }(iFg\~rfe{ifgt:rnasaltro}.) T hsu,w
iht usiatbel rtasnltaino osfwtaer ofrJ aav ro +C+w ec a nwirt
eporgarm sa si fteh ocmuptre ocudl nudresatn dJvaao rC + +drietcl.y
\
bgei{ncnetre}\
bgei{nfgiuer}h[t
]\url{e47.5ni}.{0c5m
}\pesifgf{iel=hc0i-nrtof/iugrse/rtasnltao.resp}\
cpatoinT{rnasaltro osfwtaer rtasnltae shgihl-eevl{
\me osucrec oed}t om ahcien alnugaeg \{e mojbetc ocd}e.
}\alble{ifgt:rnasaltro}\
rlue4{.57i}n{0.5mc}\
edn{ifgrue
}\nedc{etne}r
S
oruc ecdoet rnasaltrosc oem ni wtov aireite.s nA \{b
fitneprrtee\ridne{xitneprrtee}r}t rnasaltse  asnigel iln eo fsuorec
ocd edrietcl yitnom ahcien alnugaeg nade xceuetst h ecdoe- - -wihc
hmaen srnusi to nt h ecmoptue r--- ebfroeg onigo nt ot h enxetl ien fo
osucrec oed.  A{ \fb ocmiplre\nidxe{ocmiplre} }tarnlsaetst h eetnier
osucrec oed rporga mitnoe xceuatbel bojcetc oed.  Teh bojcetc oed acnt
hne eb urnd iercltyw ihtotu ufrhte rtarnlsaito.n
T
hreea r eavdatnaegsa n ddsiavdatnaegst ob oht paporahce.s
nItrepertde rporgasm egnreallyr u nlsese fifceinltyt hna ocmiplde
rporgasm ebcuas etehym uts rtasnltaea n deexctuee ahc iln eo fteh
rporga ma tteh asm etmie .Ocnec opmield ,a nojbetc rporga mi sjsute
xceuetdw ihtotu nayn ede ofrf utrhre rtasnltaino.I ti sa los umc
hesaire ot potmiiez ocmiplde ocd et omkaei tr u nmroee fifceinlty . uBti
netrrpeetr saer egnreallye aise rt owirt eadn rpoivd esmoehwa tbtetre
rerro emsasgse hwe ntihnsg og rwogn.  Smoel agnugae,s usc ha sBSAI,C
ILS,P nadP ELR,a r emsotyl sue di nitneprrtee dfrom ,atlhuog hcmopliesr
raea los vaalialbef o rtehs elnagaugse.P rgormasw rtitne ni OCBLO,F
OTRRNA,C ,C +,+ nadP ACSA Laer ocmiplde.A sw ew ill ese ,Jvaap rgormasu
s ebtohc opmialtoina n ditneprrteaito ni ntehi rtarnlsaito nporcses
.
s\etcino*C{hpatre uSmamr}y
\
sbusbuscetoinT{ehcncia lTrem}s
\
bgei{ntbaualr{}l}l
a
plpiactoins otfwrae&  eCnrta lPorcsesnigU nti C(P)U \ \c
opmielr&  ocmuptre \ \c
opmuetrp rgorma  &cmoptue rporgarmimn g\
\gneearlp-uproes ocmuptre  &hradawr e\
\hgihl-eevll agnugae&  yHpreTxetT rnasefrP rtooocl( HTTP ) \\
yHpreTxetM akru pLnagaug e(THM)L  &ipnu tdveiec \ \I
netrent&  nitrepertre \\
m ahcien alnugaeg &  ami nmmeoyr \\
bojcet&  bojcetc oed \ \o
bejc-toiretne d  &otuptu edvcie\ \s
otfwrae&  osucrec oed \ \s
pceila-uprops ecmoptue r&s eocnadr ysotrgae\ \s
ytse msfotawr e&U nfiomr eRsuorec oLctao r(RUL )\
\Wrol dWdieW e b&\ \

\nedt{aublra}

\usbusbescito{nSmumrayo fI mopratn tPionst}

\ebgni{tieimz}e
\
ietmA  aJv aporgarmi sa  esto fi netrcatnigo bejcst.T hsi si hteb
aiscm eatpohro f{ \me bojceto-reinetdp rgormamnigi\nedxo{bejc
toiretne dporgarmimn}g} .Teh ami npirnicpelso ft h eojbetc-roinetde
rporgammign paporahc rae
:
b\eigni{tmeiez}\
ietmD iivd eadn oCnuqe\ridne{xDviied nadC oqnure rPicnilpe:} S
uccessflu rpolbe mslovnigi novlevsb raekniga  ocmlpe xporbelmi not
msall,m aangaebel atssk.

\tie mEcnaspualtoini\nedxE{nacpusltaino rPicnilpe }adn M
oudlraiyt\nidxe{oMdluairt yPirnicpel} :Ecaht aks hsoludb ea sisgendt
oa no bejc;t hteo bejc'tsf ucntoinw ill eb ot eprofr mtahtt aks.

\tie mPbulci nItrefcaei\nedxI{netrafc ePirnicpel}
:Ecaho bejc tsohudl rpeesn tac laerp
ulbi citnefraec hta tdteemriensh o wohte rojbetcsw ill suei t
.
i\tme nIfromtaino iHdnigi\nedxI{noframtoinH iidn gPirnicpel} :
aEc hojbetc hsoluds heil dist suesr rfo munneecsasr ydtealiso fh o wi
tprefrom sist ats.k
\
ietmG eenrlaiyt\nidxe{eGnreailt yPirnicpel} :Ojbetcss huol db edseinge dt ob ea sgneearla
sp ossilbe
.
i\tme xEtnesbiiilt\yidne{xEtxesniibltiyP rnicpil}e:
 Ojbetcss huol db edseinge ds otahtt hierf ucntoinlaiyt acnb ee xetneddt
oc arryo u tmroes pceilaiezdt akss
.
e\n{dietmzie
}
i\tme \{e mAsbtarcito\nidne{xAsbtarcito nPirnicpel} }
si htea bliiyt ot rgopu  alrag eqaunitt yo fifnomraito nitnoa  isnlgec
hnuks oi tc a nb emnaaegda sa  isnlgee nitt.y bAsrtatcino si na
voearrhcign rpicnilpeo ft h eOPO paporahc.

\tie mAc opmuetri\nedxc{opmuetr }ssytme egnreallyc osnitsso fi nupto/uptu t
edvcie,s rpiamr yadn escnodraym eomr,y nada  ecnrta lporcsesnigu
nti.A  ocmuptre acno nyl urnp rgormasi ni t sonw \{e mmcahniel
agnugae,} hwihc si absde no hte{ \me ibnrayc oed} .Sepcailp rgormask
nwona s{ \me ocmiplres }adn \{e mitneprrteesr\nidxe{nitrepertre}
}tarnlsaet \{e msuorec ocd}e rporgasm rwitte ni na{ \me ihg-hlvee
llnagaug}e,s uhc sa aJv,a nit omcahniel agnugae{ \me bojcetc oed}p
rgormas
.
i\tme \{e mApplciaito nsfotawr\eidne{xsfotawr}e}r eefr st
oporgarm sdseinge dt oporvdiea  apritclua rtsako rs evriec;{ \me
yssetm ssfotawr}e sassit steh sue ri nuisn gapplciaito
nsfotawr.e 

\tie mTeh \{e mciletn/esrevri\nedxc{lein-tsrevre} }
omdle si  afromo f{ \me idsrtiubtde ocmuptnig }i nwihc hprato ft h
esfotawr efro  atsaki ss troe do na{ \me esrevr }adn apr to n{e\mc
lein}t ocmuptres
.
i\tme yHpretxetM akru pLnagaug e(THM\Lidne{xHMTL)} si htel agnugaeu sde ot
necdoeW W Wdcouemnst.
 
e\n{dietmzie
}
s\etcino*E{xrecsie}s
\
bgei{neunmreaet}

\tie mFlili nt h ebalnsk ni aec ho fteh oflolwnigs ttaeemnst.

\ebgni{neuemrtae
}
i\tme iDvdiign  aporbelmo ra  ats kitnop atrsi sa ne xmapel fo
hte\ __\\\___\ rpicnilpe
.
i\tme eDsginniga  lcass os hta ti tsihedlsc etrani aprst fo na bojcetf rmo o
tehro bejcst si na xeapml eo fteh _\\\___\\ _pirnicpel.

\tie mTeh afc ttahtJ aav rporgasm acnr u nwtihuotc hnag eo nwdiev aireyt
fo idfefrnetk idnso fc opmuetr si sa neaxmlpeo f\ __\\\___\\\___\\\__. 
\
ietmT h efcatt hta oscails eucrtiyn ubmesr raed iivdde nit o
htree aprst si na xeapml eo fteh _\\\___\\\___\ rpicnilpe
.
i\tme oT asyt hta  aporgarmi sr oubs tmaen staht\ __\\\___\\\___\\\__. 
\
ietmA n\ __\\\___\ si  aspeaart emdouel hta tecnaspualtse  aJvaap
rgorma' sattrbiuetsa n datcinos
.
e\n{deunmreaet}

\tie mEpxliant h edfifreecneb ewtene aec ho fteh oflolwnigp ariso fc ocnetps
.
b\eigne{nmueart}e
i\tme \{e mhradawr}e nad{ \me osfwtaer}\
ietm{ \me yssetm}s nad{ \me papilctaino}s otfwrae\
ietm{ \me ocmiplre}a n d \{e mitneprrtee}r
i\tme \{e mmcahniel agnugae }adn \{e mhgihl-eevll agnugae
}\tie m{e\mg eenrla-uprops}e nad{ \me pseica-lprupsoe }cmoptue
r\tie m{e\mp rmiayr}a n d{e\ms eocnadr}y emmroy\
ietmt h e{e\mC P}U nadt h e{e\mA L}U
i\tme hte{ \me nItrente}a n dteh \{e mWWW}\
ietma  \{e mciletn}a n da{ \me esrevr }
i\tme \{e mHTTP }adn \{e mHMTL
}\tie m{e\ms oruc}e nad{ \me bojcet }cdoe\
edn{neuemrtae
}
i\tme iFl li nteh lbaknsi ne ahc fo htef olloiwn gsattmeetns
.
b\eigne{nmueart}e
\
ietmA  _\\\___\\ _i sas e to fisnturcitosn hta tdrietcsa  ocmuptre'
sbheaivo.r
i\tme  Adsikd rview oludb ea ne xmapel fo  a\\___\\\___\\\___\\ _ edvcie
.\tie mAm osuei sa ne xmapel fo na \ __\\\___\ d eivc.e
i\tme  Amnoiotri sa ne xmapel fo na \ __\\\___\ d eivc.e
i\tme hTec opmuetrs' _\\\___\\ _fnucitosn ilk eas carthc apd
.\tie mJvaai sa ne xmapel fo  a\\___\\\___\\\___\\ _ rporgammign alnugaeg.\
ietmT h eItnenre ti san ewtokr fo _\\\___\\ _.\
ietmT h eportcoo luesdb yt h eWrol dWdieW e bi steh _\\\___\\ _ rpootclo.\
ietmW e bdcouemnst raew rtitne ni _\\\___\\ _cdoe .
i\tme  A\\___\\\__  i san ewtokre dcmoptue rtahti su sde ot tsoer adt
afro tohre ocmuptreso nt h entewrok
.
e\n{deunmreaet}

\tie mIednitf yteh ocmopnneto fc opmuetrh adrwraet hta si ersopnisbel
ofrt h eflolwoign ufntcinos
.
b\eigne{nmueart}e
i\tme hTe{ \me efthc-xeeuct eccyl}e
i\tme raihtmtei coeprtainos\
ietme xceuitn gisnturcitosn
i\tme tsoirn gporgarm swihl etehya r eeexctuign
i\tme tsoirn gporgarm sadn adt awehnt h ecmoptue ri soff
e\n{deunmreaet}

\tie mEpxlianw h yat yipcla ipeec fo osfwtaer,s uhc sa 
awrodp rcoesso,r acnontr u no nbtoha  aMcnitsoha n daW idnosw
amcihn.e
\
ietmW hta davnatgae sd oyuo esei np ltafromi nedpnednec?e W
hta idsdavnatgae?s 

\tie mI nwahts esnei sa  eprosns' anm ea n{e\ma btsrcatoin?}
nI hwa tsnes ei sayn owr do fteh nEgils hlnagaug ea nasbtarcito?n
\
ietmA nlayez htep rcoess fo rwiitn gat emr appre ni etrsm
fo hted iivd-eadn-ocnuqe radn necpasluaito npirnicpels
.
i\tme nAaylz eyuorc a ri ntrem so fojbetc-roinetde edsginp
rnicpilse.I no tehrw odrs ,pciko n eo fyuorc a'rss ytsesm,s uhc sa
hteb rkaign yssetm ,adn naaylz ei ti ntrem so fteh idvdiea-n-dcnoqeur
,ecnaspualtoin ,ifnomraito,n nadi netrafc epirnicpels
.
i\tme uSpops eyuorc a'rsr aidaotri sb rkoe.n oCnisdre htep
rcoess fo egtitn gi tfxie di ntrem so fteh bojceto-reinetdp
rgormamnigp rnicpilse.I no tehrw odrs ,dsecirb ehwo
idvdiea-n-dcnoqeura n decnaspualtoins tartgeise raeu sde ni hti
sporcses .Dsecirb evraiuosf omrso fi noframtoinh iidn gadn nitrefcaign
nivlovde ni hti sporcses
.
\
edn{neuemrtae
}





